白沙五里路有机茶等产品被评选认定为海南名牌产品
????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???-?????? ???????? (????????) | |
|---|---|
 ???? ??????????: ?????? ?-????, ???????, ???? ????, ?????? ?????????, ????, ??????????, ???????? ?????, ???????? ???????, ???? ???? ???????? | |
 ????  ??????? | |
| ????????(???): Ir ha-Kodesh (????? ????), Bayt al-Maqdis (???????? ????) | |
 | |
| ???? | ??????? |
| ???????? | ???????? ???????? |
| ???? | |
| ? ??????? ?????? | ???? ??????? |
| ???????? | |
| ? ????? | 125.2 km2 (48.3 sq mi) |
| ? ??????? | 652 km2 (252 sq mi) |
| ?????? | 754 m (2,474 ft) |
| ?????????? (2012) | |
| ? ????? | 8,01,000 |
| ? ???????? | 6,400/km2 (17,000/sq mi) |
| ? ???????? | 10,29,300 |
| ???? | Jerusalemite |
| ??? ????? | ????+2 (IST) |
| ? ???? (?????) | ????+3 (IDT) |
| ???? ????????(???) | ????????: +972-2; ???????: 02?????????? ???????? |
| ???????? | www.jerusalem.muni.il |
???????? ?????? ???????? (Jerusalem) ?????? ??? ????????? ???????, ?????, ??????????, ??????? ???? ?????????????, ?????????, ???????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ????????? ????????????.
???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? (???????????) ???????, ???????? ???-?????? (??????) ??????? ????????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????[1].
??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ????????? 801,000 ?????? ???????????????. ???? ???????? 125 ???? ??.?? (48.3 ???? ????) ?????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????.[2][3] ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ?????, ???????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.
?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????????; 23 ???? ???????????????????; 52 ???? ????????????? ????????; 44 ???? ????????????????.[4] ????????? ???? ????????? ??.??. 4??? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????.[5] ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????. ??????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? (World Heritage) ????? ???????????????????????.[6] ??? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????. ???: ?????????? ????????????, ?????????? ????????????, ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????.[7]
???? ??????
[????]??????? ????????? (Ru?alimum/Uru?alimum) (??????? ??????????)[8] ?? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??.??. 19??, 18?? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????????[9][10]
??????
[????]???????? 5000 ???? ?????????? ???????.[11][12] ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????????. ?????????????: ???????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????????????.[13][14] ???????, ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????.[15][16]
?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????
[????]????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????
?????????? ????? ?????
[????]
???? ??????????????, ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??.??. 1000 ????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????.[17]
??????????????? ????? ?????
[????]????? ??????????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??.??. 30??? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??.??. 300 ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????.
???????????? ????? ?????
[????]
??????, ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ??.??. 610??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????. 620??? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????.
????????, ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????????????. ???????????? ???????? 0.9 ???? ??.?? (0.35 ???? ????) ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ????????: ?????? ???, "??????? ?????" ????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????, ?????????????? ????????, ?????? ?????????, ???-????? ?????.
???????? ?????? ?????????????
[????]???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.[5][18] ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? 1949??? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? (Palestinian Authority) ????????????.[19] ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???????????, ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????-???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????????. ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????.[20]
????????-???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????
[????]
??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????????. 1917????????? 1948 ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????-???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????.
1948??? ???????? ????-?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????????, ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ?????, 1967??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????.
??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????, ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????????, 1980??? "?????????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????" ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????.
???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. 1967??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????????.
???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????. ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? "????? ?????????" ???????????.
2000 ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??? ???????? ???????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????????. ???????????? ???????????? ????????????, ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ????????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????.
?????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????????, ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????-???????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????????.[21]
?????????
[????]???????
[????]| ????????? ?????? ?????, Jerusalem (1881–2007) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ????? | ?? | ???? | ???? | ??? | ?? | ???? | ???? | ?? | ???? | ??? | ?? | ??? | ????? |
| ?????????? ??????? °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.2 (99) |
36.8 (98.2) |
40.6 (105.1) |
44.4 (111.9) |
37.8 (100) |
33.8 (92.8) |
29.4 (84.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
44.4 (111.9) |
| ???? ?????? °C (°F) | 11.8 (53.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
29.0 (84.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
21.5 (70.7) |
| ?????? ?????? °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
17.53 (63.56) |
| ???? ?????? °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.8 (64) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
| ?????????? ???? °C (°F) | -6.7 (19.9) |
-2.4 (27.7) |
-0.3 (31.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
?6.7 (19.9) |
| ???????????mm (inches) | 133.2 (5.244) |
118.3 (4.657) |
92.7 (3.65) |
24.5 (0.965) |
3.2 (0.126) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.3 (0.012) |
15.4 (0.606) |
60.8 (2.394) |
105.7 (4.161) |
554.1 (21.815) |
| % ???????? | 72 | 69 | 63 | 58 | 41 | 44 | 52 | 57 | 58 | 56 | 61 | 69 | 58.3 |
| ?????? ??? ??????? | 12.9 | 11.7 | 9.6 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 62.0 |
| ???????? ????? | 192.2 | 226.3 | 243.6 | 267.0 | 331.7 | 381.0 | 384.4 | 365.8 | 309.0 | 275.9 | 228.0 | 192.2 | 3,397.1 |
| Source #1: Israel Meteorological Service[22][23] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory for data of sunshine hours[24] | |||||||||||||
????? ?????? ??????
[????]
?????????
[????]- ↑ ????????
- ↑ Largest city:
- "... modern Jerusalem, Israel's largest city ..." (Erlanger, Steven. Jerusalem, Now, ? ?????????? ??????, 16 April 2006.)
- "Jerusalem is Israel's largest city." ("Israel (country) ????????????? 2025-08-06 at the ??????? ?????????", ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????, 2006, p. 3. Retrieved 18 October 2006. 31 October 2009.)
- "Since 1975 unified Jerusalem has been the largest city in Israel." ("Jerusalem"[??????????? ???????], Encyclop?dia Britannica Online, 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2006. Archived 21 June 2008)
- "Jerusalem is the largest city in the State of Israel. It has the largest population, the most Jews and the most non-Jews of all Israeli cities." (Klein, Menachem. Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City, New York University Press, 1 March 2001, p. 18. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-8147-4754-X)
- "In 1967, Tel Aviv was the largest city in Israel. By 1987, more Jews lived in Jerusalem than the total population of Tel Aviv. Jerusalem had become Israel's premier city." (Friedland, Roger and Hecht, Richard. To Rule Jerusalem, University of California Press, 19 September 2000, p. 192. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-520-22092-7).
- ↑ "Press Release: Jerusalem Day" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. 24 May 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ↑ "Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City?". Moment Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 ???? 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|archivedate=(help). According to Eric H. Cline’s tally in Jerusalem Besieged. - ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Timeline for the History of Jerusalem". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 16 April 2007.
- ↑ "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ↑ Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (1984). Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City. Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-312-44187-8.
- ↑ Binz, Stephen J. (2005). Jerusalem, the Holy City. Connecticut, USA.: Twenty-Third Publications. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-58595-365-3. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ↑ G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, (tr. David E. Green) William B. Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990, Vol. VI, p. 348
- ↑ "''The El Amarna Letters from Canaan''". Tau.ac.il. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ↑ Azmi Bishara. "A brief note on Jerusalem". Archived from the original on 5 ???????? 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|archive-date=(help) - ↑ Daniel Pipes. "Constructing a Counterfeit History of Jerusalem". Retrieved 22 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ↑ “No city in the world, not even Athens or Rome, ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time, as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people.” ?????? ????-???????, 1947
- ↑ “For three thousand years, Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish hope and longing. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal. This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history, that word would be ‘Jerusalem.’” Teddy Kollek (DC: Washington Institute For Near East Policy, 1990), pp. 19–20.
- ↑ "Throughout history a great diversity of peoples has moved into the region and made Palestine their homeland: Canaanites, Jebusites, Philistines from ??????, Anatolian and Lydian Greeks, Hebrews, ????????? ??????, Edomites, Nabateans, ??????????, Romans, Arabs, and European crusaders, to name a few. Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land. Others, such as Ancient Egyptians, ????????? ??????, Persians, ?????????, and Mongols, were historical 'events' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes ... Like shooting stars, the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine. The people, however, survive. In their customs and manners, fossils of these ancient civilizations survived until modernity—albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and Arabic culture." Ali Qleibo, Palestinian anthropologist
- ↑ "(With reference to Palestinians in Ottoman times) Although proud of their ???????? heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient Hebrews and the Canaanites before them. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations." Walid Khalidi, 1984, Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876–1948. Institute for Palestine Studies
- ↑ ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? – "Jerusalem has been the holiest city in Jewish tradition since, according to the Hebrew Bible, King David of Israel first established it as the capital of the united Kingdom of Israel in c. 1000 BCE, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple in the city."
- ↑ Jerusalem is the official capital, and the location of the presidential residence, government offices and the ????????, Israel's Parliament. In 1980, the Knesset asserted Jerusalem's status as the nation's "eternal and indivisible capital", by passing the Basic Law: Jerusalem — Capital of Israel. However, the ?????? ??????? ??? does not recognize this designation. The bulk international community argues that the city is still legally an international Corpus separatum and the final issue of the status of Jerusalem will be determined in future Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. Most countries maintain their embassies in ???? ????? (CIA Factbook ????????????? 2025-08-06 at the ??????? ?????????). See the article on ???????? for more information.
- ↑ "???????? ??????? ?????? ???????". Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ CIA Factbook ????????????? 2025-08-06 at the ??????? ????????? and Map of IsraelPDF (319 KB))
- ↑ ????-???????? ?????????.
- ↑ "Long Term Climate Information for Israel". June 2011.
- ↑ "Record Data in Israel".
- ↑ "Climatological Information for Jerusalem, Israel". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
???? ??????????
[????]
???????? ??????????????????
????????? ????????????
????????? ??????????????????????
??????????? ??????????????????????
??? ?????? ?????????????????????
?????????? ?????????????????????
??????? ?????????????????????
- Official website of Jerusalem Municipality
- Jerusalemp3 ????????????? 2025-08-06 at the ??????? ?????????, offers free virtual tours in mp3 format from the Jerusalem Municipality
- ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????
?????????
- "The Status of Jerusalem" (PDF). (159 KB), United Nations document related to the recent dispute over Jerusalem
- Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, Government of Israel, the Israeli law making Jerusalem the capital of Israel
??????????
- Israel Museum, one of Jerusalem's premier art museums
- Yad Vashem, Israeli memorial to victims of The Holocaust
?????
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem's foremost institution of higher learning
- al-Quds University, the only Palestinian university in Jerusalem
??????????
- Modern-day map of Jerusalem, from City of Jerusalem.
- Ancient Maps of Jerusalem, from the Jewish National Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Modern maps, post-1947 ????????????? 2025-08-06 at the ??????? ????????? from PASSIA
- Maps of Jerusalem ????????????? 2025-08-06 at the ??????? ?????????, from Israel Star News
?????
- The significance of Jerusalem in Judaism ????????????? 2025-08-06 at the ??????? ?????????, NSW Jewish Board of Deputies
- The significance of Jerusalem to Christians, International Christian Embassy Jerusalem
- The City of Jerusalem in Islam ????????????? 2025-08-06 at the ??????? ?????????
- BBC: Why is Jerusalem so Holy?